"Is there not in the Aion a labyrinth very different from that of Chronos-a labyrinth more terrible still, which commands another eternal return and another ethic (an ethic of Effects)? Let us think again of Borge's words: "I know of a Greek labyrinth which is a single straight line .... The next time I kill you ...I promise you the labyrinth made of the single straight line which is invisible and everlasting." -- Deleuze SUN DIAL The sundial measures time through finding the meridian, and the shadow cast from a vertical line aligned with the meridian indicates the hour of the day. The shadow should be parallel to the earth's axis so that the dial is accurate for all times of the year. The hemicycle was a favorite type of sundial to the Greeks; it was a semicircular form, hollow out of a block cut to mirror the polar altitude. Herodotus (5th century B.C.) wrote that the sundial originated in Babylonia from 2000 B.C. WATER CLOCK The clepsydra was a Greek water clock. It is thought to have been invented by Ctesibius at Alexandria in the 2nd century B.C. (p. 48)**find invented elsewhere textual citation). The clepsydra comes from two Greek words kleptein (to steal) and hudor (water). The water clock was a vessel filled with water with a small hole in the bottom. It would be filled with water to a specific marking, and the water would then trickle out of the hole; it would empty itself in the same intervals of time. It was often used as an ancient timer, measuring speeches for example. SAND Later sand was substituted for water in dryer countries, and it proved to be more accurate for the lack of evaporation and freezing. Also used to measure time were notched candles and graduated lamps; a candle made of the same material would burn close to the same number of inches every hour. ASTROLABE Astrologers used the Astrolabe to calculate local time, the degree of the ascendant, and other functions.
THE SAHALE STICK This rod made of wood marked with slashes representing important events in Christian history was used to teach the history of Christian imperialism. In accordance with the linear Christian liturgy, the intent was creating a forward line with a closed system of calculations consuming the viewer (as CHRONOS consumed his children). THÉ CHRONICLE The chronological time tables were developed by Eusebius of Caesarea, a 4th-century theologian who composed The Chronicle (Rosenberg & Grafton p. 26). He developed the Hexapla, a six-column Bible, using rows and columns, a new form of type that was much harder to put into ancient manuscripts. By coordinating the history of Assyrians, Egyptians, Persians, Greeks, and Romans, he made his argument for a singular vision of history in which Rome unified the world to bring Jesus's words to the people. The Chronicles was reproduced through the middle ages. Scholars began to create astronomical charts and images to predict and chronicle eclipses and conjunction of plants. ASTRONOMY TABLES Peter Apianus' Atronomicum Caesareum explained the movements of planets and the sun and aligned their passages with history. The use of astronomical data in timelines in the 15th century catalyzed a revolution in chronologies. Prior to Apianus, astronomers based tables on fixed points originating in King Nabonassar' ascent to the throne of Babylon (feb 26 747 BCE) Gerardus Mercator created the first world atlas in1569. The famous 'Mercator projection,' was a world map on 18 separate sheets with parallel lines running from top to bottom and from side to side representing the longitudes and the latitudes. Giovanni Maria Tolosani, introduced astronomical evidence to prove that the Mercator Projection chronicled world history year by year with a list of dated eclipses. CONQUEST VIA CHRONUS TIMELINE Chronos is not always so clear in its linear direction, but the chronology is seen as a stream, a tree, a lion - an analysis of cartographies of time through timelines shows some of how time was used to further a specific narrative, through a variety of metaphors. It is one thing to say that Chronos is linear. He is but is not the line of many parts. In the U.S. frontier days in the 18th and 19th centuries, the colonization of the Native American's and the march west helped fuel a proliferation of timelines and their representation as a means of conquest. To conquer the natives was to assimilate them into the timeline. Cronus ate his children. The famous Father of Time was portrayed as sick and distended. He can only go forward and not back. The once-great king of the Golden Age is now sick with the weight of his children and cannot enjoy his overthrow of Ouranus - the aching stomach. The desire to consume anything which might in fact annihilate him. History is a process of eating the future to ensure the continuation of the timeline. MECHANICAL CLOCKS A mechanical clock consists of 4 parts, a driving mechanism; the transmitting mechanism; the controlling mechanism and the indicating mechanism. (Willis I. Milham 1942). The mechanical clock in Latin was usually termed Horologium, which could mean sundial, clock or clepsydra. The word can be translated as timekeeper. The exact date of the first mechanical clock is hard to pinpoint, but it has been said in 606...But to be more accurate historically and chronologically, one may say that the 19th century was the time of an ushering in of mechanized standardized time. As new forms of travel and communication proliferated, the need for time to be standard, to be the same became a matter of security and sanity. Achieving precision, that is the process of Chronos, to perfect and procure, or is Mars severing the sections of time out of its orbit. Indeed it was under the pressure of time that the chronometer took over. PHOTOGRAPH—CAPTURED TIME The refraction of light theorized on became reality in the spectacular innovation of the camera. FILM — CAPTURING THE MOVEMENT OF TIME STANDARDIZING TIME 1825 was the start of the U.S. Naval Observatory. President John Quincy Adams began the first official optical time keeping formal division of the federal government. It's primary function was the restoration, repair, and rating of navigational instruments. In 1842, it was officially put into law as the national observatory to track chornomorets, navigation devices. In 1845 the observatory held the first time ball, 12th in the world. The time ball was dropped every day except Sunday, precisely at the astronomically defined moment of Mean Solar Noon; this enabled all ships and civilians within sight to know the exact time. By the end of the American Civil War, the Observatory's clocks were linked via telegraph to ring the alarm bells in all of the Washington, D.C. firehouses three times a day. Soon after the time would be sent out via telegraph to railway and town stations. ...nearly all railway stations and towns used time as sent from Greenwich. In October 1884, the International Telegraph Union held the first International Meridian Conference in D.C. They agreed to divide the world into 24 time zones based on the Greenwich meridian. "The functions of the Bureau of Standards include the testing and com- parison with standards of various kinds of measuring apparatus, and the accuracy of such instruments. The Principal Object Of this standardization is to bring about better agreement with the standards of the United States of all measuring apparatus used in the comparison of physical quantities, and to increase the accuracy of measurement of the physical and chemical properties matter. This Service Is Performed For the public, as well as for the various departments of the National and State Governments Included in such measuring apparatus are timepieces of various kinds, and this is the first circular announcement of the beginning of the testing and certification watches by the Bureau. This Circular gives the regulations under which such tests will be conducted, the procedure of the tests, the criteria that will be applied to the results of the tests, and the tolerances that will be allowed in the performance of a watch for which a certificate is granted. Later, the Bureau will take up the testing for other timepieces, such as chronometers, clocks, chronometer watches, chronographs, and stop watches, and devices for the measurement of short intervals of time. Announcement of the beginning of such tests and of the methods to be employed will be made in a subsequent edition of this Circular."
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